
The first recorded mention of the city is in 863 AD. It was the capital of Slavic Krivichs tribe in the ninth century. Smolensk is a city with great history. Since XII century it was a capital of the princedom, but since 1522 it became a city of Moscow kingdom. In 1596 the great fortress was built to protect the inhabitants. The fortress is currently one of the most interesting sights of the city. It's bigger than Moscow fortress (the Kremlin). The length of its walls is about 6.5 km.
From [wiki=7e35e74e610188414ad24235dd787c78]Moscow[/wiki] several trains from Belorussky Railway Terminal reach Smolensk in 5-6 hours. Some of them reach into Europe as far as to [wiki=e20d37a5d7fcc4c35be6fc18a8e71bfa]Paris[/wiki] and [wiki=914d0a4ebc177889b5b89a23f556fd75]Nice[/wiki] (in summer only). The same trains can be used to reach Smolensk from [wiki=6542f875eaa09a5c550e5f3986400ad9]Belarus[/wiki]. Daily expresses connect Smolensk with [wiki=7e35e74e610188414ad24235dd787c78]Moscow[/wiki] and [wiki=170ab0254ac5edb53dc3e2a23f5f18a5]Bryansk[/wiki]; there are regular trains to and from [wiki=030731390dab949e28d2e3fa11a3b6f3]Saint Petersburg[/wiki] and [wiki=674756b151c1a964546ad103f310fc5b]Vilnius[/wiki].
Several times a week there are buses connecting Smolensk with such European cities as [wiki=e20d37a5d7fcc4c35be6fc18a8e71bfa]Paris[/wiki], [wiki=6314044c3803213e9fd3f3ecf8c90d65]Madrid[/wiki], [wiki=c16c50f34911d1f5d3924c8267409904]Riga[/wiki] and some others. Most of these buses originally start their journey in Moscow and make a stopover in Smolensk. Other buses run to [wiki=cb1bf5c6641406b2fb266a8cce5f73e8]Mogilev[/wiki], [wiki=99b216eef34c1d6582de0a8948fab47f]Kaluga[/wiki], [wiki=8e51474f3598d1b913830cc9e24cf9a3]Velikiye Luki[/wiki], [wiki=eb207a77f7b6e50f33cbae4a8a566feb]Kursk[/wiki] and [wiki=24fd9b6cb80625f71c85ab0ae4ac7ec2]Tver[/wiki]. Daily buses run to [wiki=48c40d6b5a5bf9061592d0f4b4fcce9f]Mstislavl[/wiki], [wiki=b3f5c66fa7cab477b37277c3b34100ed]Belgorod[/wiki], [wiki=170ab0254ac5edb53dc3e2a23f5f18a5]Bryansk[/wiki], [wiki=7e35e74e610188414ad24235dd787c78]Moscow[/wiki], [wiki=9dbf66864aeba0d2a964934ae05610b5]Oryol[/wiki], [wiki=030731390dab949e28d2e3fa11a3b6f3]Saint Petersburg[/wiki] and [wiki=44c1e1c71f444dfd93b731bc23cc0f51]Tula[/wiki].
The road from Moscow to Smolensk takes about 4.5-6 hours (depending on possible traffic jams in Moscow), the price of a single ticket starts from 900 rubles (approximately €12.5 or $14).
Smolensk is situated on the M1/E30 and A141 highways. Е30 goes from [wiki=ee1611b61f5688e70c12b40684dbb395]Berlin[/wiki] to Moscow through [wiki=ab014f5797b79c42d078976b9d1a413c]Warsaw[/wiki], Brest and [wiki=8787a878258ef18bb38d9163f41b846c]Minsk[/wiki]; while A141 connects Oryol to [wiki=674756b151c1a964546ad103f310fc5b]Vilnius[/wiki] through Bryansk and [wiki=6e867cfadb9747361aa133de75a5fa91]Vitebsk[/wiki]. Both highways are good for hitchhiking - bear in mind that E30 is about 6.5 km north from the city.
A single ticket for bus, tram or trolley use (different tickets for each kind of transport) costs 14 RUB/€0.3 purchased from the service person in the bus (cash only) and is valid for a single ride. No special validation needed. It is highly recommended to buy the ticket, because the controls are regular, especially during the first days of each month. There is a number of discount tickets for students and elderly people, in public buses (trams or trolleys) only.
The list of public transport routes is found [url=http://smoladmin.ru/economic/transport/transport.html#4]here[/url] (in Russian), their timetable is given [url=http://ak1308.smoladmin.ru/rasp]here[/url] (note that not all buses are included).
There is an enormous fleet of minibuses on the same routes. The price is the same as with a public bus (you get no paper tickets in a minibus, though). Minibuses operate every 10-15 minutes, which makes them more convenient than a bus. During rush hours, however, minibuses are often cramped.
There are several cab companies offering their services. A regular cab may cost about 130 RUB/€2.7 if you need to get from periphery of the city to the center. You should always call a taxi by phone, even if you see a taxi on the street nearby. Street taxis may charge a higher price than taxis called by phone.
Every company has their phone number written on its vehicles; it's very convenient for tourists.
Currently Smolensk is not a bike-friendly city due to the lack of cycling lanes. However, the central park area, the streets nearby as well as a big green area to the south-west are easy to use. In case you decide to go cycling, note that some inhabitants are riding on sidewalks while others prefer the right side of the road.
The historical part of the city (within the Fortress) can be easily explored on foot. Note that the area is sometimes hilly and several central streets are paved so choose appropriate footwear.